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Exploring the Microbial Twilight Zone: Adaptations to Genetic Code Ambiguity in Methanosarcina acetivorans.
Exploring the Microbial Twilight Zone: Adaptations to Genetic Code Ambiguity in Methanosar...
Exploring the Microbial Twilight Zone: Adaptations to Genetic Code Ambiguity in Methanosarcina acetivorans.

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자료유형  
 학위논문(국외)
기본표목-개인명  
표제와 책임표시사항  
Exploring the Microbial Twilight Zone: Adaptations to Genetic Code Ambiguity in Methanosarcina acetivorans.
발행, 배포, 간사 사항  
발행, 배포, 간사 사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses , 2025
    형태사항  
    174 p.
    일반주기  
    Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-04, Section: B.
    일반주기  
    Advisor: Nayak, Dipti D.
    학위논문주기  
    Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2025.
    요약 등 주기  
    요약The ability to transfer information from DNA to RNA to protein is a fundamental characteristic of life. The flow of information between biomolecules was first described using a model termed the "central dogma," through which genetic information, stored in the four nucleotides of DNA, is transcribed to mRNA, and the resulting three base-pair codons are decoded during protein synthesis, or translation. Contemporarily, the organization of the central dogma is used as a scaffold for the diverse and varied mechanisms of cellular information flow across the tree of life. It follows that the genetic code is fundamental to the central dogma, as it defines the framework for how the codons of mRNA are interpreted and decoded into protein sequence. Given its universality and essentiality to protein synthesis, the genetic code was first proposed to be immutable, a "frozen accident in time" that was incapable of evolution. This is due in part to the diverse suite of translational machinery-ribosomes, release factors, tRNA's, and their cognate tRNA synthetases-that is required to decode mRNA. Any change to the canonical encoding of twenty amino acids in sixty-one sense codons would necessarily require compensatory changes to this translational machinery, which was initially thought to be an insurmountable evolutionary challenge. Yet, the discovery of over thirty alternative genetic codes in the years since the genetic code was proposed 1961, demonstrates that it is subject to the same pressures that govern cellular evolution. An alternative genetic code encapsulates myriad types of codon reassignments, where either a sense or nonsense (i.e., stop) codon is captured and assigned to a meaning that deviates from the standard genetic code. These alternative genetic codes are found across all domains of the tree of life and can range in complexity. Most involve single codon changes, wherein the genetic code degeneracy allows for a sense codon to be reassigned to a pre-existing amino acid, as in the case of certain fungi, like Candida albicans and members of Saccharomycotina. In other, more extreme cases, like the yeast mitochondrial genome, six codons (five sense codons and one stop codon) have been reassigned to standard amino acids. The co-option of one of the three stop codons (TAG/UAG, TGA/UGA, and TAA/UAA) as a sense codon is a common form that alternative genetic codes take and is characteristic of several bacterial, archaeal, eukaryotic, and even phage genetic codes. Yet, in contrast to sense-to-sense codon reassignments, nonsense-to-sense genetic codes present a unique challenge in how cells adapt to complete or partial reassignment of one of its stop codons. In the former, complete stop re-assignment typically co-occurs with the gain of a codon-specific suppressor tRNA for the given codon, and, sometimes, loss of release factor activity. In theory, this buffers the cell from the challenge of balancing between truncated and elongated protein forms: a conundrum that arises when partial, or ambiguous, codon reassignment allows for a nonsense codon to be interpreted as both a stop and sense codon. Natural genetic code expansions represent a unique case of nonsense-to-sense codon reassignment, under which a stop codon is co-opted to either conditionally or stochastically encode an amino acid outside of the standard twenty. While there are only two known natural genetic code expansions to date-Selenocysteine (Sec) and Pyrrolysine (Pyl)-these two code expansions are emblematic of the molecular strategies that are used to navigate partial stop codon reassignment. In the former, charged Sec-tRNASec is formed through the post transcriptional modification of a charged Ser-tRNASec. Sec's incorporation at UGA sites is contingent upon a proximal sequence motif, the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) and is facilitated by Sec-tRNASec binding by a specialized elongation factor called SelB. Together, the coordination of these two processes allows for partial UGA reassignment to Sec by splitting UGA sites into two pools: 1) true stops, which lack the SECIS cue, and 2) true Sec sequences, which contain the proximal SECIS element. In contrast, Pyl is freely biosynthesized in the cell, and its incorporation at UAG sites is, to date, independent of either sequence motif or specialized elongation factor. Thus, how Pyl-encoding organisms navigate ambiguous interpretation of UAG sites, as either Pyl or stop, remains largely unknown. In this dissertation, I use Pyl as a system to address how ambiguity in information transfer (i.e., ambiguous UAG decoding) is productively maintained in the Pyl-encoding, methane-producing archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans. Chapter 1 of this thesis discusses and reviews literature pertaining to the transcriptional regulation of methane metabolism in the domain Archaea, a class of organisms to. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest).
    주제명부출표목-일반주제명  
    주제명부출표목-일반주제명  
    주제명부출표목-일반주제명  
    주제명부출표목-일반주제명  
    비통제 색인어  
    비통제 색인어  
    비통제 색인어  
    비통제 색인어  
    비통제 색인어  
    부출표목-단체명  
    기본자료저록  
    Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-04B.
    전자적 위치 및 접속  
     원문정보보기

    MARC

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    ■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
    ■0820  ▼a576
    ■1001  ▼aShalvarjian,  Katharine  Elizabeth.
    ■24510▼aExploring  the  Microbial  Twilight  Zone:  Adaptations  to  Genetic  Code  Ambiguity  in  Methanosarcina  acetivorans.
    ■260    ▼a[S.l.]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley.  ▼c2025
    ■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
    ■300    ▼a174  p.
    ■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-04,  Section:  B.
    ■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Nayak,  Dipti  D.
    ■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2025.
    ■520    ▼aThe  ability  to  transfer  information  from  DNA  to  RNA  to  protein  is  a  fundamental  characteristic  of  life.  The  flow  of  information  between  biomolecules  was  first  described  using  a  model  termed  the  "central  dogma,"  through  which  genetic  information,  stored  in  the  four  nucleotides  of  DNA,  is  transcribed  to  mRNA,  and  the  resulting  three  base-pair  codons  are  decoded  during  protein  synthesis,  or  translation.  Contemporarily,  the  organization  of  the  central  dogma  is  used  as  a  scaffold  for  the  diverse  and  varied  mechanisms  of  cellular  information  flow  across  the  tree  of  life.  It  follows  that  the  genetic  code  is  fundamental  to  the  central  dogma,  as  it  defines  the  framework  for  how  the  codons  of  mRNA  are  interpreted  and  decoded  into  protein  sequence.  Given  its  universality  and  essentiality  to  protein  synthesis,  the  genetic  code  was  first  proposed  to  be  immutable,  a  "frozen  accident  in  time"  that  was  incapable  of  evolution.  This  is  due  in  part  to  the  diverse  suite  of  translational  machinery-ribosomes,  release  factors,  tRNA's,  and  their  cognate  tRNA  synthetases-that  is  required  to  decode  mRNA.  Any  change  to  the  canonical  encoding  of  twenty  amino  acids  in  sixty-one  sense  codons  would  necessarily  require  compensatory  changes  to  this  translational  machinery,  which  was  initially  thought  to  be  an  insurmountable  evolutionary  challenge.  Yet,  the  discovery  of  over  thirty  alternative  genetic  codes  in  the  years  since  the  genetic  code  was  proposed  1961,  demonstrates  that  it  is  subject  to  the  same  pressures  that  govern  cellular  evolution. An  alternative  genetic  code  encapsulates  myriad  types  of  codon  reassignments,  where  either  a  sense  or  nonsense  (i.e.,  stop)  codon  is  captured  and  assigned  to  a  meaning  that  deviates  from  the  standard  genetic  code.  These  alternative  genetic  codes  are  found  across  all  domains  of  the  tree  of  life  and  can  range  in  complexity.  Most  involve  single  codon  changes,  wherein  the  genetic  code  degeneracy  allows  for  a  sense  codon  to  be  reassigned  to  a  pre-existing  amino  acid,  as  in  the  case  of  certain  fungi,  like  Candida  albicans  and  members  of  Saccharomycotina.  In  other,  more  extreme  cases,  like  the  yeast  mitochondrial  genome,  six  codons  (five  sense  codons  and  one  stop  codon)  have  been  reassigned  to  standard  amino  acids.  The  co-option  of  one  of  the  three  stop  codons  (TAG/UAG,  TGA/UGA,  and  TAA/UAA)  as  a  sense  codon  is  a  common  form  that  alternative  genetic  codes  take  and  is  characteristic  of  several  bacterial,  archaeal,  eukaryotic,  and  even  phage  genetic  codes.  Yet,  in  contrast  to  sense-to-sense  codon  reassignments,  nonsense-to-sense  genetic  codes  present  a  unique  challenge  in  how  cells  adapt  to  complete  or  partial  reassignment  of  one  of  its  stop  codons.  In  the  former,  complete  stop  re-assignment  typically  co-occurs  with  the  gain  of  a  codon-specific  suppressor  tRNA  for  the  given  codon,  and,  sometimes,  loss  of  release  factor  activity.  In  theory,  this  buffers  the  cell  from  the  challenge  of  balancing  between  truncated  and  elongated  protein  forms:  a  conundrum  that  arises  when  partial,  or ambiguous,  codon  reassignment  allows  for  a  nonsense  codon  to  be  interpreted  as  both  a  stop  and  sense  codon. Natural  genetic  code  expansions  represent  a  unique  case  of  nonsense-to-sense  codon  reassignment,  under  which  a  stop  codon  is  co-opted  to  either  conditionally  or  stochastically  encode  an  amino  acid  outside  of  the  standard  twenty.  While  there  are  only  two  known  natural  genetic  code  expansions  to  date-Selenocysteine  (Sec)  and  Pyrrolysine  (Pyl)-these  two  code  expansions  are  emblematic  of  the  molecular  strategies  that  are  used  to  navigate  partial  stop  codon  reassignment.  In  the  former,  charged  Sec-tRNASec  is  formed  through  the  post  transcriptional  modification  of  a  charged  Ser-tRNASec.  Sec's  incorporation  at  UGA  sites  is  contingent  upon  a  proximal  sequence  motif,  the  Sec  insertion  sequence  (SECIS)  and  is  facilitated  by  Sec-tRNASec  binding  by  a  specialized  elongation  factor  called  SelB.  Together,  the  coordination  of  these  two  processes  allows  for  partial  UGA  reassignment  to  Sec  by  splitting  UGA  sites  into  two  pools:  1)  true  stops,  which  lack  the  SECIS  cue,  and  2)  true  Sec  sequences,  which  contain  the  proximal  SECIS  element.  In  contrast,  Pyl  is  freely  biosynthesized  in  the  cell,  and  its  incorporation  at  UAG  sites  is,  to  date,  independent  of  either  sequence  motif  or  specialized  elongation  factor.  Thus,  how  Pyl-encoding  organisms  navigate  ambiguous  interpretation  of  UAG  sites,  as  either  Pyl  or  stop,  remains  largely  unknown.  In  this  dissertation,  I  use  Pyl  as  a  system  to  address  how  ambiguity  in  information  transfer  (i.e.,  ambiguous  UAG  decoding)  is  productively  maintained  in  the  Pyl-encoding,  methane-producing  archaeon  Methanosarcina  acetivorans. Chapter  1  of  this  thesis  discusses  and  reviews  literature  pertaining  to  the  transcriptional  regulation  of  methane  metabolism  in  the  domain  Archaea,  a  class  of  organisms  to.  (Abstract  shortened  by  ProQuest).
    ■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
    ■650  4▼aMicrobiology.
    ■650  4▼aBiology.
    ■650  4▼aBiochemistry.
    ■650  4▼aGenetics.
    ■653    ▼aArchaeal  transcription
    ■653    ▼aGenetic  code  expansion
    ■653    ▼aMethanogens
    ■653    ▼aPyrrolysine
    ■653    ▼aNucleotides
    ■690    ▼a0410
    ■690    ▼a0487
    ■690    ▼a0306
    ■690    ▼a0369
    ■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bMicrobiology.
    ■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-04B.
    ■790    ▼a0028
    ■791    ▼aPh.D.
    ■792    ▼a2025
    ■793    ▼aEnglish
    ■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359366▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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