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Exploring the Microbial Twilight Zone: Adaptations to Genetic Code Ambiguity in Methanosarcina acetivorans.
Exploring the Microbial Twilight Zone: Adaptations to Genetic Code Ambiguity in Methanosarcina acetivorans.
상세정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문(국외)
- 기본표목-개인명
- 표제와 책임표시사항
- Exploring the Microbial Twilight Zone: Adaptations to Genetic Code Ambiguity in Methanosarcina acetivorans.
- 발행, 배포, 간사 사항
- 발행, 배포, 간사 사항
- 형태사항
- 174 p.
- 일반주기
- Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-04, Section: B.
- 일반주기
- Advisor: Nayak, Dipti D.
- 학위논문주기
- Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2025.
- 요약 등 주기
- 요약The ability to transfer information from DNA to RNA to protein is a fundamental characteristic of life. The flow of information between biomolecules was first described using a model termed the "central dogma," through which genetic information, stored in the four nucleotides of DNA, is transcribed to mRNA, and the resulting three base-pair codons are decoded during protein synthesis, or translation. Contemporarily, the organization of the central dogma is used as a scaffold for the diverse and varied mechanisms of cellular information flow across the tree of life. It follows that the genetic code is fundamental to the central dogma, as it defines the framework for how the codons of mRNA are interpreted and decoded into protein sequence. Given its universality and essentiality to protein synthesis, the genetic code was first proposed to be immutable, a "frozen accident in time" that was incapable of evolution. This is due in part to the diverse suite of translational machinery-ribosomes, release factors, tRNA's, and their cognate tRNA synthetases-that is required to decode mRNA. Any change to the canonical encoding of twenty amino acids in sixty-one sense codons would necessarily require compensatory changes to this translational machinery, which was initially thought to be an insurmountable evolutionary challenge. Yet, the discovery of over thirty alternative genetic codes in the years since the genetic code was proposed 1961, demonstrates that it is subject to the same pressures that govern cellular evolution. An alternative genetic code encapsulates myriad types of codon reassignments, where either a sense or nonsense (i.e., stop) codon is captured and assigned to a meaning that deviates from the standard genetic code. These alternative genetic codes are found across all domains of the tree of life and can range in complexity. Most involve single codon changes, wherein the genetic code degeneracy allows for a sense codon to be reassigned to a pre-existing amino acid, as in the case of certain fungi, like Candida albicans and members of Saccharomycotina. In other, more extreme cases, like the yeast mitochondrial genome, six codons (five sense codons and one stop codon) have been reassigned to standard amino acids. The co-option of one of the three stop codons (TAG/UAG, TGA/UGA, and TAA/UAA) as a sense codon is a common form that alternative genetic codes take and is characteristic of several bacterial, archaeal, eukaryotic, and even phage genetic codes. Yet, in contrast to sense-to-sense codon reassignments, nonsense-to-sense genetic codes present a unique challenge in how cells adapt to complete or partial reassignment of one of its stop codons. In the former, complete stop re-assignment typically co-occurs with the gain of a codon-specific suppressor tRNA for the given codon, and, sometimes, loss of release factor activity. In theory, this buffers the cell from the challenge of balancing between truncated and elongated protein forms: a conundrum that arises when partial, or ambiguous, codon reassignment allows for a nonsense codon to be interpreted as both a stop and sense codon. Natural genetic code expansions represent a unique case of nonsense-to-sense codon reassignment, under which a stop codon is co-opted to either conditionally or stochastically encode an amino acid outside of the standard twenty. While there are only two known natural genetic code expansions to date-Selenocysteine (Sec) and Pyrrolysine (Pyl)-these two code expansions are emblematic of the molecular strategies that are used to navigate partial stop codon reassignment. In the former, charged Sec-tRNASec is formed through the post transcriptional modification of a charged Ser-tRNASec. Sec's incorporation at UGA sites is contingent upon a proximal sequence motif, the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) and is facilitated by Sec-tRNASec binding by a specialized elongation factor called SelB. Together, the coordination of these two processes allows for partial UGA reassignment to Sec by splitting UGA sites into two pools: 1) true stops, which lack the SECIS cue, and 2) true Sec sequences, which contain the proximal SECIS element. In contrast, Pyl is freely biosynthesized in the cell, and its incorporation at UAG sites is, to date, independent of either sequence motif or specialized elongation factor. Thus, how Pyl-encoding organisms navigate ambiguous interpretation of UAG sites, as either Pyl or stop, remains largely unknown. In this dissertation, I use Pyl as a system to address how ambiguity in information transfer (i.e., ambiguous UAG decoding) is productively maintained in the Pyl-encoding, methane-producing archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans. Chapter 1 of this thesis discusses and reviews literature pertaining to the transcriptional regulation of methane metabolism in the domain Archaea, a class of organisms to. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest).
- 주제명부출표목-일반주제명
- 주제명부출표목-일반주제명
- 주제명부출표목-일반주제명
- 주제명부출표목-일반주제명
- 비통제 색인어
- 비통제 색인어
- 비통제 색인어
- 비통제 색인어
- 비통제 색인어
- 부출표목-단체명
- 기본자료저록
- Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-04B.
- 전자적 위치 및 접속
- 원문정보보기
MARC
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■1001 ▼aShalvarjian, Katharine Elizabeth.
■24510▼aExploring the Microbial Twilight Zone: Adaptations to Genetic Code Ambiguity in Methanosarcina acetivorans.
■260 ▼a[S.l.]▼bUniversity of California, Berkeley. ▼c2025
■260 1▼aAnn Arbor▼bProQuest Dissertations & Theses▼c2025
■300 ▼a174 p.
■500 ▼aSource: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-04, Section: B.
■500 ▼aAdvisor: Nayak, Dipti D.
■5021 ▼aThesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2025.
■520 ▼aThe ability to transfer information from DNA to RNA to protein is a fundamental characteristic of life. The flow of information between biomolecules was first described using a model termed the "central dogma," through which genetic information, stored in the four nucleotides of DNA, is transcribed to mRNA, and the resulting three base-pair codons are decoded during protein synthesis, or translation. Contemporarily, the organization of the central dogma is used as a scaffold for the diverse and varied mechanisms of cellular information flow across the tree of life. It follows that the genetic code is fundamental to the central dogma, as it defines the framework for how the codons of mRNA are interpreted and decoded into protein sequence. Given its universality and essentiality to protein synthesis, the genetic code was first proposed to be immutable, a "frozen accident in time" that was incapable of evolution. This is due in part to the diverse suite of translational machinery-ribosomes, release factors, tRNA's, and their cognate tRNA synthetases-that is required to decode mRNA. Any change to the canonical encoding of twenty amino acids in sixty-one sense codons would necessarily require compensatory changes to this translational machinery, which was initially thought to be an insurmountable evolutionary challenge. Yet, the discovery of over thirty alternative genetic codes in the years since the genetic code was proposed 1961, demonstrates that it is subject to the same pressures that govern cellular evolution. An alternative genetic code encapsulates myriad types of codon reassignments, where either a sense or nonsense (i.e., stop) codon is captured and assigned to a meaning that deviates from the standard genetic code. These alternative genetic codes are found across all domains of the tree of life and can range in complexity. Most involve single codon changes, wherein the genetic code degeneracy allows for a sense codon to be reassigned to a pre-existing amino acid, as in the case of certain fungi, like Candida albicans and members of Saccharomycotina. In other, more extreme cases, like the yeast mitochondrial genome, six codons (five sense codons and one stop codon) have been reassigned to standard amino acids. The co-option of one of the three stop codons (TAG/UAG, TGA/UGA, and TAA/UAA) as a sense codon is a common form that alternative genetic codes take and is characteristic of several bacterial, archaeal, eukaryotic, and even phage genetic codes. Yet, in contrast to sense-to-sense codon reassignments, nonsense-to-sense genetic codes present a unique challenge in how cells adapt to complete or partial reassignment of one of its stop codons. In the former, complete stop re-assignment typically co-occurs with the gain of a codon-specific suppressor tRNA for the given codon, and, sometimes, loss of release factor activity. In theory, this buffers the cell from the challenge of balancing between truncated and elongated protein forms: a conundrum that arises when partial, or ambiguous, codon reassignment allows for a nonsense codon to be interpreted as both a stop and sense codon. Natural genetic code expansions represent a unique case of nonsense-to-sense codon reassignment, under which a stop codon is co-opted to either conditionally or stochastically encode an amino acid outside of the standard twenty. While there are only two known natural genetic code expansions to date-Selenocysteine (Sec) and Pyrrolysine (Pyl)-these two code expansions are emblematic of the molecular strategies that are used to navigate partial stop codon reassignment. In the former, charged Sec-tRNASec is formed through the post transcriptional modification of a charged Ser-tRNASec. Sec's incorporation at UGA sites is contingent upon a proximal sequence motif, the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) and is facilitated by Sec-tRNASec binding by a specialized elongation factor called SelB. Together, the coordination of these two processes allows for partial UGA reassignment to Sec by splitting UGA sites into two pools: 1) true stops, which lack the SECIS cue, and 2) true Sec sequences, which contain the proximal SECIS element. In contrast, Pyl is freely biosynthesized in the cell, and its incorporation at UAG sites is, to date, independent of either sequence motif or specialized elongation factor. Thus, how Pyl-encoding organisms navigate ambiguous interpretation of UAG sites, as either Pyl or stop, remains largely unknown. In this dissertation, I use Pyl as a system to address how ambiguity in information transfer (i.e., ambiguous UAG decoding) is productively maintained in the Pyl-encoding, methane-producing archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans. Chapter 1 of this thesis discusses and reviews literature pertaining to the transcriptional regulation of methane metabolism in the domain Archaea, a class of organisms to. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest).
■590 ▼aSchool code: 0028.
■650 4▼aMicrobiology.
■650 4▼aBiology.
■650 4▼aBiochemistry.
■650 4▼aGenetics.
■653 ▼aArchaeal transcription
■653 ▼aGenetic code expansion
■653 ▼aMethanogens
■653 ▼aPyrrolysine
■653 ▼aNucleotides
■690 ▼a0410
■690 ▼a0487
■690 ▼a0306
■690 ▼a0369
■71020▼aUniversity of California, Berkeley▼bMicrobiology.
■7730 ▼tDissertations Abstracts International▼g87-04B.
■790 ▼a0028
■791 ▼aPh.D.
■792 ▼a2025
■793 ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359366▼nKERIS▼z이 자료의 원문은 한국교육학술정보원에서 제공합니다.


